Streptomycesiasis(Nail fungus) is a damage to fungal infections in the nail plate and its surrounding structures: nail rollers, matrix (sprouting of nails) and nail beds.It is manifested by deformation and thickening of the nails, and its color changes - the nails turn white or yellow.
This disease is often found.According to some reports, the prevalence of spondylosis in Europeans exceeded known indicators in the previous decade.In men, it happens 1.5 times more frequently, but they are 2 times less frequently with women.The elderly often get sick, and it is very rare for children.
The main problem with treating the disease is that patients go to the dermatologist long after the first symptoms develop.Therefore, pathological fungi capture large areas and treatment is delayed.
Pathogenic mushrooms can only be transmitted by patients.Fungal infections often occur because the source is not detected on time and sufficient preventive measures are not taken.
Causes of the disease:Usually, it is in direct contact with the patient or the object he uses (shoes, clothes, carpets in the bathroom, towels, manicure supplies).Infection usually occurs when visiting the gym, bathroom, sauna and swimming pool.
The development of the disease is facilitated by microparticles - due to bluntness, increased sweating, dry skin, dryness after water surgery and poor dryness of flat feet.
Diseases of the endocrine system (diabetes, obesity, hyperthyroidism), vascular diseases of the limbs (venous deficiency, lymph node disorder), immune diseases, and the use of antibiotics, corticosterol and cytosterol drugs, can also occur, and may also occur.Due to the above diseases, blood microcirculation in the nail area is disturbed and natural immunity is reduced, which helps the development of secondary infections.
Thyroid disease causes the following types of fungi:
- Skin plants;
- Mushrooms of Candida yeast;
- Mold.
Depending on the type of pathogen, fungal infection and clinical penetration are different, so treatment methods are also different.
The nails on the legs are affected by fungi, which is 10 times more frequent than on hand.In most cases, skin plants cause fungi (e.g., hairy plants rubrum).The remaining cases are usually caused by inconsistent molds (Aspergillus, Coptozoa, Fusarium).
If similar symptoms are detected, consult your doctor.Don't intervene yourself - it's dangerous to your health!
Symptoms of tumor disease (nail fungus)
The longer the disease develops, the more obvious its symptoms are.The main signs of myomycosis include:
- Dysfunction - Nail color changes to yellow, black, green, gray or brown (the type of color depends on the type of mushroom);
- A kind of eight-way decomposition - separation of nail plates and boxes;
- Change the thickness of the nail plate;
- Gapalonichia-Plate thickness and its softening power;
- Koylonicia - Nails look like teaspoons;
- pahionichia - Thickening of nail plates, hypertrophy of nails;
- Hybrid - Thickening, color variation of the nail plate, curling in the form of a beak;
- Changes in the thickness of the nail bed (High STI - Nail Bed Thickening);
- Change the surface of the nail plate: pits, furrows, crests;
- Change the nail roller and surrounding skin (Aptotype - inflammation of the proximal nail roller).
It is important to note that no symptom is pathogenic, i.e. it is clearly suitable for a particular pathogen, so it is impossible to determine it by symptoms - additional tests are required.
Pathogenesis of tumor disease (nail fungi)
The pathogenesis of the disease depends on how the fungus hits the skin and nails.
Remote submarine type:If the fungus is introduced through the skin of the nail roller or distal area, the spread of infection occurs through the free edge of the nail on the bed and then reaches the matrix.At first, the nail plate may not change, but due to excessive in-kindness, it gradually starts from the nail bed and turns yellow.Gradually, the nail plate can be thickened.
Light white type:If a white foci is formed on the nail surface, fungi throughout the nail plate will occur over time.The nails thickened and crumbled, achieving a taupe-brown tone.In this case, the matrix and epithelium of the nail bed do not affect it.There is no inflammation in the surrounding skin.
Near terminal type:Fungi can be spread from the skin and fence rollers to the nail plate and then to the substrate to the distal part of the nail plate.Spots appear on the nails in the holes and nail bed areas, and the nail plates are falling off.There is no obvious inflammation in the nail bed or matrix.
Total malnutrition type:The entire nail was affected.The proximal area of the nail roller disappears or thickens, so the nail plate no longer forms and grows.
existBiophysical concept of pathogenesis of tumor disease, which suggests that in connection with the disease, an antagonism between the two forces occurs: fungal colonies growing towards the matrix, and the natural growth of nails from the matrix to the distal edge.Therefore, the rate of nail growth is crucial during myelopathy - the faster the nail grows, the earlier it heals.Perhaps this is exactly what explains the smaller prevalence of childhood diseases, as their nails grow faster than adults and older people.
The stages of classification and development of Nail Fungus
There are the following categories of thyroid diseases:
- remote submarine;
- Light white;
- Near terminal-Gear;
- Total malnutrition.
According to the 1970 classification:
- Normal: Under the thickness of the nail, a light yellow and white color, but the shape of the nail plate has not changed, and there is no seabed hypersensitivity disease.
- Hypertrophy:The nail plate turns yellow, thickens due to high-sea venomous diseases, and the jagged edges become cracked.
- Malnutrition:The nails are sparse and removed from the nail bed and a gap is formed.
Complications of tumor disease (nail fungi)
With long-term dinoflagea, developmental risk increasesDiabetic feet(The formation of nutritional ulcers in the legs) andgangrene, if the patient has diabetes or vascular disease in the lower limbs.
In immune diseases (primary and secondary immune inlets), mushrooms can spread to the skin, internal organs and cause allergies in the body.This can be manifested by a rash on the skin until bronchial asthma develops.
Diagnosis of thyroid disease (nail fungi)
Before disassembling the diagnostic method for spinal disease, it is necessary to explain how to properly assemble the research material (patients perform independently or prepare nails before diagnosis).Before studying the fence of the material, it is necessary to treat the nail plate with 70% alcohol to avoid hindering other bacteria.
The method of collecting materials depends on the form of Onychomycosis:
- Surface form- Scrape from the nail plate;
- Distant forms- Must scratch from the nail bed and a nail plate;
- Near-end submarine table- The material is harvested through a drill bit, either a biopsy of the nails, or a scratch from the nail bed.
The fastest way to determine the pathological fungus of nails ismicroscope.Technology: The research materials are treated with alkali solution to dissolve in keratin.To make the mushroom thread better, add ink to the alkali.Next, the resulting drugs were studied under a microscope.
This research method is the fastest and most objective.Sensitivity up to 80%.The disadvantages of this method include the fact that when used, the type of pathogen cannot be determined.
Bacteriology seeding: It is another method to diagnose asmycotic disease.The material was sown in a special environment and the results were explained under a microscope after 2-3 weeks.This approach allows you to establish the type of pathogen - which helps determine the strategies for treatment and when choosing a drug in sensitivity.But the disadvantage of this study is that it takes a lot of time and its sensitivity is only 30-50%.
Biopsy: With the help of a scalpel and anesthesia, the nail and nail bed were cut off.The material is immersed in formaldehyde solution and sent histological examination to the laboratory.The advantages of this method are very sensitive and allow you to determine the presence of pathological fungi in the material.
Disadvantages: It is impossible to identify pathogens and establish the viability of microorganisms, the high cost and complexity of this method.
Genodiagnostics: Methods of Molecular Biology (PCR).This is one of the new and highly sensitive methods for diagnosing thyroidomatosis, and with its help, the pathogen's DNA is revealed.This diagnosis is recommended in medical institutions with PCR labs, but for the time being, testing systems to identify skin plants and mold mushrooms are only planned for introduction in the lab.This method allows you to determine the type of pathogen with a sensitivity of 80-90%.Disadvantages - High cost, unavailable, lack of technical standards and complexity in execution.
More and more doctors are being introducedDermatoscope examination.Using this method, you can evaluate the changes in the color and structure of your nails, i.e. the condition of the surrounding structure.Dermoscopy allows you to more accurately assess the depth of damage on your nail plate and more accurately calculate the index of myomycosis severity.
Treatment of Onychomycosis (nail fungus)
There are several types of myelopathy treatments:
- Local therapy.
- Systemic treatment.
- Combination therapy.
- Corrective therapy.
Local therapyIt involves applying medicine to nail plates and nail rollers.Indications for local treatment:
- The damage to the nail plate is limited.
- Contraindications for appointing systemic drugs: hypersensitivity, liver disease, renal function, pregnancy, breastfeeding.
The advantage of this therapy is that high concentrations of therapeutic agents are formed on the surface of the nails and do not penetrate the blood.There are no side effects when using antifungal drugs - nausea, decreased appetite, abdominal pain.The disadvantage of this approach is that the drug does not always belong to the habitat of pathogens, especially when the mushrooms are located in the nail bed or matrix.This, in turn, can lead to inefficiency in treatment.This type of treatment is very time-consuming because it is necessary to remove the affected portion of the nail before applying for the medication.
How to remove affected nails:
- Mechanical removal, with documents, pliers or drill bits.
- With the help of keratin layers.Before applying the keratinized sheets, seal the skin around the nails with plaques, apply the plaque mass (urea with salicylic acid) to the top, and seal with adhesive stucco.The plaque mass is changed every 2-3 days.After each removal, the affected part of the nail is mechanically removed.
- surgical.This operation is very painful and traumatic because when the nail plate is removed, the germination band can be damaged, resulting in the growth of the deformed nails.
After removing the affected nail plate, use topical antifungal agents.Anti-mixtureDistinguishing locations of applications:
- Applied to nails: varnish;
- Applied to rollers: creams, ointments, solutions.
The most studied topical use tool was a 1% solution of the Alllamin group drug, which has evidence of treatment based on Cocranny meta-analysis.The tool has a water-based, which helps to have better permeability of antifungal substances at the site of damage.Varns have dehydrated bases that reduce penetration of drugs into deep layers.Therefore, dermatologists believe that using varnish is unsatisfactory and increasingly prefer water-based tools.
In order to obtain local therapy results, it is necessary to observe the treatment regimen, and it is important to be responsible for the patient, consistent and patient.The duration of treatment can reach 12 months.
Systematic treatmentEven if the nail bed and matrix are affected, antifungal drugs are allowed to pass through the blood at the lesions.After use, high concentrations of drugs are retained in the lesion for a long time.The disadvantages of this treatment are related to the risk of lateral and toxic effects.
Indications for systemic therapy:
- Common forms of nail damage.
- The effect of local treatment is lacking (i.e., after six months of treatment with asthma treatment on hand, the treatment of pedal muscle cancer is 9-12 months of treatment without growing healthy nails).
To determine the treatment strategy, a clinical index of myomycosis severity was used.It is used as a treatment standard in various countries around the world.
drugTo treat myelopathy, you can classify it as follows:
- Antibacterial drugs - have antifungal effects;
- Preservatives - Have antifungal and antibacterial effects.They are rarely used, only without other antifungal agents;
- Multi-component - In addition to antifungal agents, there are other drugs, such as anti-inflammatory drugs.
Prescription medications:
- Standard - Daily administration during the prescribed treatment period;
- Shortening - Shortening the treatment period and can be performed by conventional doses or expansion;
- Intermittent - Treatment is prescribed in several short courses, with the interval between courses equal to the duration of the course;
- Pulse therapy treatment is offered in several short courses, with the interval between courses greater than the course duration.
Antifungal drugs are divided into active substances:
- triazole;
- Amin;
- Morphine protein.
Currently, system therapy is usedOnly the third generation of drugs.
Combination therapyLocal and systemic treatments are performed simultaneously.Co-treatment is used if it is necessary to increase the effectiveness of systemic therapy and reduce the treatment period.
Corrective therapy(Concomitant treatment of disease): In order to choose a treatment regimen, it is necessary to evaluate the general somatic state of the body.Diseases such as circulating limbs can reduce the access of antifungal agents to the lesions.Therefore, drugs are prescribed to improve tissue nutrition.
Due to the toxic effects of systemic antifungal drugs, it is necessary to rule out liver disease and prescribe liver cancer if necessary.
forecast.prevention
The sooner the patient contacts the doctor through signs of fungal nail lesions, the sooner the disease will be cured and the nail plate will be restored.With the long-term existence of capturing the entire nail, the treatment of erectile dysfunction can be long, but under all suggestions, recovery often occurs.If there are contraindications for systemic treatment, long-term supportive treatment of topical drugs is required.
preventionIt is necessary to comply with personal hygiene rules and reduce the likelihood of reinfection:
- Try wearing comfortable and high-quality shoes (to prevent sweating on your legs);
- It is recommended to change socks and tights every day.
- Use only a single shoe.At the beginning of treatment, patients who have received treatment must be given at least once a month throughout the treatment period and after the end of the treatment;
- If necessary, use antiperspirants for the legs;
- Use a separate nail care set (scissors, saw);
- Use antifungal exterior products (sprays, cream and pencils) before and after visiting public places (pools, bathrooms, sports halls);
- Identify the source of fungal infection in the family and receive treatment at the same time.
It is recommended to regularly antifungal treatments for personal belongings, shoes, bathrooms, floors and carpets.For these purposes, you can use 40% acetic acid solution, 1% antibacterial solution (prescription is prescribed by your doctor), i.e. a disinfection solution.1-2% of the soap-lined solution ironed at the highest temperature can boil the underwear for 20-30 minutes.